This concept runs through the current debate on international relations, the role of government and not state actors and the scope of the rights of individuals, both at inside state and internationally. That is why there are different definitions of Safety: freedom from war, common good, preserving the sovereignty and national interests, protection of fundamental values, survivability of the group, resistance to aggression, improved quality of life, strengthening the rule, removal of threats, human emancipation, and so on.
For most experts, define the security of any community (group, ethnicity, state or international organization) requires three parameters to define key issues: the preservation of fundamental values, the absence of threats and the formulation of its policy objectives, which In summary imply that security is the absence of military and nonmilitary threats that could challenge the core values you want to promote or preserve a person or community and involve a risk of the use of force.
This topic turns to some central questions:
1. Who is the subject of security? E.g. which is the reference unit of security?
For traditional schools, the state is undeniable actor, who has extending the right to resort to force. For analysts of the 80s, not state actors compete with the state in the force management and, above all, preventing their use. For the critical school, the subject is human emancipation and security social, and in this picture, the state would be rather a source of security problems and not its solution.
In the world, everyone is partly right, but when the political world is handled and confronted by state and not state actors.
2. What is the nature of security? The security concept reflects an objective dimension: the threat may be real, territorial and lead to a loss of human lives, whether exercised by the state or not state groups. However, prevention is the subject of debate. How to measure the absence of threats but by subjective perceptions? That is the problem of security: security is achieved when fear disappear the threat.
3. What are the challenges of security? Some are figures from the past and affect the sovereignty, territory and state institutions and correspond to the German model. Others, newer, such as international crime, the depletion of water resources, bacteriological terrorism, the rights of persons or interventions of peace does not refer to national territories and require regional and international solutions and correspond to the German model .
The current world situation must be one of the most complex and most innovative moment to global security, as to the factors that are shaping it, which makes this a complex conceptual and material that requires further determinations to produce a shift in its approach. Perhaps for the first time we could say that the whole of humanity faces a crisis of global scale and not only has to do specifically with the war, but a confluence of time, space and high gravity around a triple crisis character food, energy and finance.
To this we must summarize longer term processes, with effects that emerge in everyday reality, as are the issues of climate change and mass migration and uncontrolled, because of great economic and political fractures in vast areas are outside centers of power and economic development.
In the first decade of the twenty first century these dimensions of human reality have become into increasingly dangerous levels, threatening the development acceptable on a human scale, moving to the margins of the basic conditions for human satisfaction, a large contingent of people and territories that are degraded to compelling rhythms.
We can therefore characterize the fundamental dilemma of contemporary security is characterized as a joint between new dimensions, simultaneous, global reach and multiple impacts.
a) New dimensions in this definition raise a difference with classical security crisis revolving around the existence of war. Historically the worst economic times that stress human existence had to do with wars, including the most critical moments as were the two world wars which had, with different ranks. In this logic culminating point was reached with the nuclear threat that came to install the possibility of mutual and total destruction of humanity through its own instruments of human creation, as were stocks of the largest weapons of mass destruction. The new dimensions of security crises have to do with an entirely different point. They are the product of the growing of global risks generated by modernity irrational as that which characterized the late nineteenth century the sociologist Ulrich Beck, who also has the human being is the main actor, but in a logic of expropriation and human resource bottlenecks natural and the irrepressible desire of seeking economic growth and accumulation now acquire a full visibility.
By the year 20011, it is important to distinguish between threats and risks, as two types of insecurities that have a character and therefore distinctive construct different conceptual gears and specific approaches from state policies that are not depleted or are fully covered from the defense, but a set of state and not state actors.
A crucial question that arises with regard to these risks is related to global institutional architecture, which now appears as inefficient, as the existing legal mechanisms and instruments, so that new foundations are required in this field, pointing to inescapable fact of contemporary world interaction.
b) simultaneously: to the extent that the current modern concept of development has become hegemonic, has reached global proportions and in turn has shift the plausibility of alternative options to the margins of public policy, leaving it in a field of nearly eccentricity . This has led to this development model has uniform rules, a uniform conceptual basis, global institutions that shape and determine such as the IMF and the World Bank and country groupings that set the path leading and super monitored the route of development. If we add to these factors, connectivity, computerization, what we have is an equation that allows the escalation of the crisis and pollution at high speeds.
While one of the characteristics of modern risk is that they are processes of medium and long term, and have different rates of maturation and crisis, by stage of development which they have acquired, we are witnessing a moment of conjunction of several crises, who have their own rhythms, but also on a specific conjuncture, increasing its depth and severity.
c) Global Reach: We are at a historic moment that there is no possible escape this modernity, where the whole idea of a material fact is contained in the Integrated Global Capitalism, and the margins are mere resistance, some of which is what they want negotiations to a successful integration.
This real possibility of global resonances have two edges: The fact that no place is out of a probable relationship with the risks, either because it is part of the origin or part of the consequences, although there are territories that are most likely to contain a number of risks and which are precisely those that are on the edges of the main centers of development. Moreover, given the nature of these risks and territorial reach levels they can reach, not relevant, localized unilateral treatment, since it has so many plots and movements that are not possible in traditional canons exclusive national states therefore also have impacts on political organizations, in the reference set and the existing bureaucratic machinery. This calls into question a type of state, supranational bodies and strategies for addressing the interaction Interstate.
To characterize in one sentence, we can say that safety requirements means that to resolve cross borders areas of overall survival.
d) Multiple Impacts: A feature of these risks of global reach is that its impacts generated interconnection is manifold and is referrals in various areas. If there are areas that have suffered profound climatic changes, will change food production, which cause uncontrolled movement of people, install a humanitarian crisis that will require material and financial resources, etc . This multiplicity of gears can be transformed into an increasing spiral that in a given step may make it impossible successfully dealt. The recent financial crisis is yet another demonstration of these multiple immediate : The financial crisis made the situation even more difficult for developing countries seeking to protect its inhabitants more vulnerable to the effects caused by rising food prices and fuel .
The stark reality is that developing countries must prepare for a drop in trade, capital flows, remittances and domestic investment and slowing growth.
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