Telescopic sight is often called a scope. Quite often this technology is applicable in sniper rifles resulting in the name sniper scope. It is an optical device used to give elevated levels of accuracy using a point of aim for firearms, airguns and crossbows. Other sighting systems are inclusive of iron sights, reflex sights, and laser sights.
Up until the 1990s, military use of telescopic sights was limited to snipers because the optical components were expensive and extremely fragile. They had been used as early as the American Civil War on rifles, and even at earlier points throughout history. The glass lenses are vulnerable to breakage, and environmental conditions including condensation, precipitation, dirt, and mud which can affect the external lenses. The scope tube also result in the rifle to feel more bulky. Snipers principally used moderate to high magnification scopes with specialized reticles that enable them to estimate the distance from the shooting point to the target.
Telescopic sights are sometimes not advantageous to the user because of its tactical shortcomings. Snipers require stealth and concealment to get near enough to their target. A telescopic sight can prevent this because sunlight may inevitably reflect from the lens and a sniper raising his head to use a telescopic sight might accidentally expose his position. The famous Finnish sniper Simo Hayha relied heavily on iron sights rather than telescopic sights to reduce some of these concerns. Harsh climate can also be a great problem for telescopic sights as they are less weather resistant than iron sights. Many Finnish snipers in WWII prefered to use iron sights primarily because telescopic sights did not handle the very cold Finnish winters well enough.
The market for military telescopic sights made for military long-range shooting is extremely competitive. Multiple high end optics manufacturers are consistently adapting and enhancing their telescopic sights to meet the demands of military organizations. Two leading European companies in this field are Schmidt & Bender and Zeiss/Hensoldt. American companies that have made their mark in this field are Nightforce, U.S. Optics Inc. and Premier Reticles. These high end sighting parts usually cost $ 1500 / $ 2000 and above. Chief options for military telescopic sights are reticule illumination that may be used in poor lighting conditions and those that include scope settings or ballistic relevant environmental measurements data that greatly benefit the user.
Nowadays numerous militaries issue telescopic sights to their infantry, typically compact, low-magnification sights appropriate for snap-shooting, like reflex sights. The US military issues ACOG, Aimpoint CompM2 and EOTech 553 combat optics. American soldiers in Iraq and Afghanistan often purchase their own combat optics. The British army uses the SA80 rifle with the SUSAT 4x optical sight as standard issue. The Canadian Forces standard C7 rifle has a 3.4 Elcan C79 optical sight. Both Austria and Australia use different forms of the Austrian Steyr AUG which has built an integral 1.5x optical sight since its implementation in the late 1970s.
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