The Roman de la Rose provides the best possible idea of each the French and English gardens of the Middle Ages. It was chiefly written by Guillaume de Loris, in the first half of the thirteenth century, and was probably well-known in England earlier than it was translated by Chaucer into English. There are several manuscript copies of it containing descriptions in the textual content, accompanied by illustrations giving vivid pictures of the pleasure garden. Its kindthe walls enclosing it with their surrounding moat, the subdivisions of latticework, the "flowery mede," shaded by fruit bushes, with a fountain in its middle, and the stone-coped beds, containing clipped shrubs and other smaller plantsare clearly shown from varied factors of view.
In crucial of these illustrations (which is on the other page, and was taken from a fourteenth-century Flemish manuscript preserved at the British Museum), the garden is proven as a complete, ornamented with many quaint details. It is enclosed by a crenellated wall, surrounded by a moat. The subdivisions are shaped by a fence of wooden trellis-work, on the topmost railing of which is balanced a peacock. Within the left-hand division is a copper fountain head, where the water, spouting from lions' mouths, drips into a circular basin, and runs off by way of a marble channel embedded in the turf. Velvety grass, thickly sprinkled with daisies, surrounds the fountain and varieties a soft seat for the little company of merrymakers who are singing and enjoying upon musical instruments.
A garden, in line with the derivation of the word from zerd, garth, or yard (three nouns from the identical Aryan root because the French word Jardin), originally signified a walled but unroofed enclosure containing cultivated vegetation. Usually this vegetation principally consisted of herbs, grass, or fruit trees.
This enclosure protected the vegetation from marauders, and secluded its occupants. Privacy was an important attribute of the garden. Inside the fort there was scant alternative for confidential conversation. So when folks wished to speak without being neglected or overheard, they were apt to retire to the pleasure garden.
The earliest fences were generally wattled, that's, woven of osiers. Others, more ornamental, have been fashioned of rails or of pickets, and painted green. Hedges usually enclosed the later gardens, instead of walls. The bushes used for this function were privet (thus known as perhaps because it served to insure privacy), thorn, sweetbrier, and yew. Moats had been also frequent, the water accommodating fish and swans.
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